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After working on my analysis for a few days I have realized that whether or not the head is unique to an Echinacea plant does not affect the malo curve for the individual head, or in real world terms, it doesn’t affect the flowering schedule of the head. This conclusion brought up two more questions.
The first question I have is what, if anything, explains the variations in the malo curve for the head if its uniqueness to the plant doesn’t. To try to answer this question I will be investigating is including the population of origin for the plant and the year it was planted in the investigation. I hope that this information will shed some light on the variations in the malo curves.
The second questions I have is how do multiple heads on an Echinacea plant interact to form the malo curve of the plant as a whole. The first thing I did was graph all the heads on a common plant on the same graph, which produced a lot of variation.
 Two heads with no overlap.  Two heads with almost complete overlap.  A plant with 6 heads! Now that I’ve visualized the differences in the data, I’m excited by all the variation that I see. My next step is to produce malo curves for the plants as a whole and start an analysis. With two viable paths of investigation, I’m expecting a lot of work in the next few days.
 Keke hard at work counting the q3 offspring Keke is a senior Environmental Studies major at Lake Forest College who has been working in the lab for the past semester. For her project, she focused on the maternal plants of qGen_3. In that experiment, we crossed individuals in p1 with pollen collected from plants at Staffanson and Landfill during the summer and planted the seeds from those crosses in the fall. When dissecting the heads, we only selected achenes that we knew had been crossed properly.
This left ray achenes and achenes that may have been contaminated with other pollen, plus any achenes that we missed! Although we didn’t want to plant inviable or contaminated achenes, knowing the fecundity of the maternal plants is an important part of estimating fitness, so we wanted to have accurate achene counts for each mom. This is where Keke comes in. She removed all of the “extra” achenes and counted them, along with the rest of the maternal achenes which had been scanned in the fall.
Keke also analyzed the effect of a new pollen management procedure that we followed for q3. This procedure involved collecting pollen in multiple vials and taking care to only remove a vial from the refrigerator for crossing once. This was in an effort to reduce exposure of pollen to repeated warming and cooling cycles, which we thought might have reduced its viability in q2. Keke assessed the percent of successful crosses in q2 versus q3 and found that the percent of successful crosses increased 5% with the new procedure. Cool!
You can read more about what Keke did this winter and spring in her report, which can be found here:
Keke’s Q3 Report
Thanks Keke and best of luck in all of your future endeavors!
This week I started investigating the Malo curves and visualizing the data. In March of 2014, Lou, one of the citizen scientists that volunteers in the Echinacea Lab, wrote a program to take the daily flowering data collected in 2005 and output the 5 parameters that are needed to draw the Malo curves for individual heads. While these parameters are needed to draw the exponential sine functions, they also act as direct proxies for different phenological features like the start date of flowering, the maximum number of flowers open on a single day and more. So, I have 347 Malo curves drawn for me and lots of data to utilize in my analysis.
This photo shows 2 of the 347 curves that have been drawn. The black dots represent the actual number of flowers open on a given day, while the blue curve was drawn utilizing the parameter’s calculated by Lou’s program. The main focus of my analysis will be investigating how these curves vary, if at all, based on whether or not the head came from an Echinacea plant with other heads or if it was the only head on that plant. So, my first step was to create histograms for each of the 5 variables.
 This is the histogram for one of the parameters that represents the duration of flowering a single head experiences. The red line represents the mean flowering duration, while the blue line represents the median. After my preliminary investigation, it looks like none of the parameters, and therefore the Malo curves, vary based on the number of heads on the original plant. My next step is to utilize statistical tests like Nonmetric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) and MANOVA, to determine if and how these parameters are related to each other. Stay tuned!
My name is Rachael Sarette and I am a Junior at Northwestern University studying Mathematics and Environmental Science. I’m originally from Minnesota, so it is exciting to be in the lab hanging out with so many fellow Minnesotans. I’ll be at the lab all day on Tuesdays and Thursdays as part of Chicago Field Studies, which consists of an internship and a class on the Environment, Science, and Sustainability.
 This is me standing by my computer, where most of my work will be occurring. While I have some field experience collecting data for other experiments, this is my first experience working in a lab and analyzing data for my own research project. This quarter I will be using Echinacea data from 2005 and analyzing them with “Malo” curves, which are sine functions that model the number of flowers open on a single head at a given time. The basis of this analysis is this paper written by J.E. Malo: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00629.x/abstract
I’m excited to see where this data and this quarter will take me. Stay tuned for more updates.
Happy Labor Day from Team Echinacea! We made the most of the long weekend by doing lots of traveling. Danny went to Evanston to move things in before he moves there in a few weeks. He brought lots of the heads we harvested last week in an effort to keep up with the volunteer’s fast-paced processing of our harvest thus far! Meanwhile, Katherine, Ali, and I went up to Ely, MN to visit a friend of mine who works at a camp up there. The camp was hosting a music festival this weekend with artists like Lucy Michelle, Jeremy Messersmith, and The Pines. We were very excited to see the rocks, trees, and varied topography of the region which were all very different from what we’ve been experiencing in Douglas County. On Saturday morning we went mushroom hunting with Jeremy Messersmith, who happens to be a big mushroom enthusiast. Who knew! Later that day we went paddle-boarding and kayaking on the lake, which was really fun. Then we watched the concert! Super good. We capped off the day with some square-dancing with our fellow concert-goers. A great day. Sunday was similar, with more awesome music in the afternoon. We drove back today taking a scenic route through some good Minnesota towns I hadn’t been to before like Hibbing, Grand Rapids, and Akeley, which is the birthplace of Paul Bunyan. Danny is still on his way back from Chicago now. Stuart will be working at the Garden for the week, so it’s just us kids here in charge of getting everything done this week. There’ll be lots of harvesting to do in the experimental plots as well as plenty of refinding the seedlings that Team Echinacea has kept track of over the past 6 years in the remnants.
Us and Paul
On our day off, some members of Team Echinacea went up to Glendalough state park to camp for a night. It was a great weekend because lots of things could have gone wrong, but we were super lucky and almost nothing did! For example, one of our tents didn’t have a rainfly, but then Stuart and Gretel let us borrow one of theirs! Thanks Stuart and Gretel! But we didn’t even end up sleeping in it—more about that later!! We also didn’t have a reservation, but it turned out that there was a no-show at a campsite, so we got that one! The lady at the park office told us that if a person named Nathan showed up, we would have to tell him that we had taken his campsite, but fortunately Nathan never showed up. Confrontation avoided! It was a canoe-in site, but lacking a canoe, we hiked there. Thanks for carrying the cooler, Gina!
We ate sandwiches and then went to the water. We decided to try to swim across the lake even though we agreed we weren’t very good at estimating distance across water. Then we swam across the lake! The water was really nice and it only took 45 minutes. We saw a loon and a bald eagle while we were swimming. Katherine and Gina walked to meet us at the beach on the other side. Next, we all spent a good 10-15 minutes giggling in the waves by the shore because we were happy and probably a little dehydrated. Then we realized that the beach we were on was being rented out for a family reunion and everyone around us was probably related and wondering who the heck we were, especially because they would have been able to see us bobbing across the lake for the past half hour! Thanks for sharing the beach, Will family!
 Intrepid swimmers bob along swimmingly Next we walked back to our campsite. We built a fire in about 15 minutes which Katherine thought was kind of a while, but many of the rest us agreed was “about as fast as we had ever started a fire before.” We had corn and hot dogs and took a lot of pictures of the fire, hot dogs, and the sunset (see example below).
See similar pic on Gina’s instagram Once it got dark we started looking at the stars and were doing that when two park rangers showed up. “Hey folks just wanted to let you know that your tents are a little bit off the tent pad and also there is a storm a-brewing in North Dakota that has hurricane-force winds and golf-ball sized hail and it’s heading this way,” was approximately what he said. We mumbled responses and then he said, “Tell you what, the folks at the yurt campsite vacated the premises early so I’ll go ahead and leave that unlocked so you can go there if things get dicey.” So we said, “Thanks officer!” and after several minutes of discussion we decided that the opportunity to sleep in a yurt was too good to pass up, especially with the possibility of inclement weather. So then we got to sleep in the yurt and it was warm and dry which was nice because it sounded like a pretty gnarly storm!
The yurt was very sturdy and well furnished. We woke up and took some more pics (see below). Next we ate breakfast at a nice little place in Battle Lake, which we all agreed was “a really cute town.” Then Ali drove us home and we made it back to Town Hall safe and sound! What a great and lucky weekend!
Da yurt!
24 May 2011 Megan Kate Gallagher defended her Master’s Thesis in Plant Biology and Conservation at Northwestern University. Congratulations! For her thesis project, Kate demonstrated how performance of three dominant prairie grasses in restorations depended on seed source. This fall Kate will start the PhD program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California–Irvine working with Diane Campbell.
15 March 2011 Christine Dumoulin defended her Master’s Thesis in Plant Biology and Conservation at Northwestern University. Congratulations! For her thesis project, Christine developed a computer simulation model to investigate how dominance relationships among S-alleles influence mate availability and reproduction in small populations. Christine is already pursuing her PhD in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Tennessee.
21 September 2010. Jennifer Ison defended her dissertation on Friday and gave a public seminar to a packed house at UIC on Tuesday. Congratulations! Her dissertation title is “Pollination of Echinacea angustifolia: effects of flowering phenology and spatial isolation.” Jennifer started with the Echinacea Project in 2003, right after graduating from St. Olaf College. She is heading to a post-doc position with Art Weis in Toronto, starting 1 October.
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